CORE SYLLABUS
Physics,
Chemistry, Biology
(Higher Secondary Stage)
For National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test (NEET) for admission to MBBS courses across the country
Medical Council of India
The Medical Council of India (MCI) recommends the following syllabus for National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test for admission to MBBS courses across the country (NEET- UG) after review of various State syllabi as well as those prepared by CBSE, NCERT, and COBSE. This is to establish a uniformity across the country keeping in view the relevance of different areas in medical education.
PHYSICS
(A) Class 11th
UNIT I: Physical World and Measurement Details:-
• Physics: Scope and excitement; nature of
physical laws; Physics, technology, and society.
• Need for measurement: Units of
measurement; systems of units; SI units, fundamental and derived units. Length,
mass and time measurements; accuracy and precision of measuring instruments;
errors in measurement; significant figures.
• Dimensions of physical quantities,
dimensional analysis and its applications.
UNIT II: Kinematics Details:-
• Frame of reference, Motion in a straight
line; Position-time graph, speed, and velocity. Uniform and non-uniform motion,
average speed, and instantaneous velocity. Uniformly accelerated motion,
velocity-time, and position-time graphs, for uniformly accelerated motion
(graphical treatment).
• Elementary concepts of differentiation
and integration for describing motion. Scalar and vector quantities: Position
and displacement vectors, general vectors, general vectors and notation,
equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by a real number; addition and
subtraction of vectors. Relative velocity.
• Unit vectors. Resolution of a vector in a
plane-rectangular components.
• Scalar and Vector products of Vectors.
Motion in a plane. Cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration-
projectile motion. Uniform circular motion.
UNIT III: Laws of Motion Details:-
• Intuitive concept of force. Inertia,
Newton’s first law of motion; momentum and Newton’s second law of motion;
impulse; Newton’s third law of motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum
and its applications.
• Equilibrium of concurrent forces. Static
and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction, lubrication.
• Dynamics of uniform circular motion.
Centripetal force, examples of circular motion (vehicle on level circular road,
vehicle on banked road).
UNIT IV: Work, Energy and Power Details:-
• Work done by a constant force and
variable force; kinetic energy, work-energy theorem, power.
• Notion of potential energy, potential the energy of a spring, conservative forces; conservation of mechanical energy
(kinetic and potential energies); non-conservative forces; motion in a
vertical circle, elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.
UNIT V: Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body Details:-
• Centre of mass of a two-particle system,
momentum conservation, and center of mass motion. Centre of mass of a rigid
body; center of mass of the uniform rod.
• Moment of a force,-torque, angular
momentum, conservation of angular momentum with some examples.
• Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body
rotation and equation of rotational motion, comparison of linear and rotational
motions; moment of inertia, the radius of gyration.
Values of M.I. for simple geometrical objects (no derivation). Statement
of parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications.
UNIT VI: Gravitation Details:-
• Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. The
universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its variation
with altitude and depth.
• Gravitational potential energy;
gravitational potential. Escape velocity, orbital velocity of a satellite.
Geostationary satellites.
UNIT VII: Properties of Bulk Matter Details:-
• Elastic behavior, Stress-strain
relationship. Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus, bulk modulus, shear, modulus of
rigidity, poisson’s ratio; elastic energy.
• Viscosity, Stokes’ law, terminal
velocity, Reynold’s number, streamline, and turbulent flow. Critical velocity,
Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications.
• Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure, application of surface tension ideas to drops, bubbles and capillary rise.
• Heat, temperature, thermal expansion;
thermal expansion of solids, liquids, and gases. Anomalous expansion. Specific
heat capacity: Cp, Cv- calorimetry; change of state – latent heat.
• Heat transfer- conduction and thermal
conductivity, convection and radiation. Qualitative ideas of Black Body
Radiation, Wein’s displacement law, and Green House effect.
• Newton’s law of cooling and Stefan’s law.
UNIT VIII: Thermodynamics Details:-
• Thermal equilibrium and definition of
temperature (zeroth law of Thermodynamics). Heat, work, and internal energy. The first law of thermodynamics. Isothermal and adiabatic processes.
• Second law of thermodynamics: Reversible
and irreversible processes. Heat engines and refrigerators.
UNIT IX: Behaviour of Perfect Gas and Kinetic Theory Details:-
• Equation of state of a perfect gas, work
done on compressing a gas.
• Kinetic theory of gases: Assumptions,
concept of pressure. Kinetic energy and temperature; degrees of freedom, the law of
equipartition of energy (statement only) and application to specific heat
capacities of gases; the concept of mean free path.
UNIT X: Oscillations and Waves Details:-
• Periodic motion-period, frequency,
displacement as a function of time. Periodic functions. Simple harmonic
motion(SHM) and its equation; phase; oscillations of a spring-restoring force
and force constant; energy in SHM –Kinetic and potential energies; simple
pendulum-derivation of expression for its time period; free, forced, and damped
oscillations (qualitative ideas only), resonance.
• Wave motion. Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of wave motion. Displacement relation for a progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves, a reflection of waves, standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode, and harmonics. Beats. Doppler effect.
(B) Class 12th
UNIT I: Electrostatics Details:-
• Electric charges and their conservation.
Coulomb’s law-force between two point charges, forces between multiple charges;
superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.
• Electric field, electric field due to a
point charge, electric field lines; electric dipole, electric field due to a
dipole; torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.
• Electric flux, statement of Gauss’s
theorem and its applications to find fields due to infinitely long straight
wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet, and uniformly charged thin
spherical shell (field inside and outside)
• Electric potential, potential difference,
electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole, and system of charges:
equipotential surfaces, the electrical potential energy of a system of two-point
charges and of electric dipoles in an electrostatic field.
• Conductors and insulators, free charges
and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric polarization,
capacitors and capacitance, a combination of capacitors in series and in
parallel, the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric the medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor, Van de Graaff
generator.
UNIT II: Current Electricity Details:-
• Electric current, the flow of electric
charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity and mobility, and their
relation with electric current; Ohm’s law, electrical resistance, V-I
characteristics (linear and non-linear), electrical energy and power, electrical
resistivity and conductivity.
• Carbon resistors, color code for carbon
resistors; series and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature
dependence of resistance.
• Internal resistance of a cell, potential
difference and emf of a cell, a combination of cells in series and in parallel.
• Kirchhoff’s laws and simple applications.
Wheatstone bridge, meter bridge.
• Potentiometer-principle and applications to measure potential difference, and for comparing emf of two cells; measurement of internal resistance of a cell.
UNIT III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism Details:-
• Concept
of the magnetic field, Oersted’s experiment. Biot-Savart law and its application to
current carrying circular loop.
• Ampere’s
law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire, straight and
toroidal solenoids. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric
fields. Cyclotron.
• Force
on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. The force between two
parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere. Torque experienced
by a current loop in a magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer-its current
sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.
• Current
loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. The magnetic dipole
moment of a revolving electron. Magnetic field intensity is due to a magnetic
dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis. Torque on a
magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field; bar magnet as an
equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic
elements.
• Para-,
dia-and ferromagnetic substances, with examples.
• Electromagnetic and factors affecting their strengths. Permanent magnets.
UNIT IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents Details:-
• Electromagnetic
induction; Faraday’s law, induced emf and current; Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents.
Self and mutual inductance.
• Alternating
currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/ voltage; reactance and
impedance; LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only), LCR series circuit,
resonance; power in AC circuits, wattles current.
• AC
generator and transformer.
UNIT V: Electromagnetic Waves Details:-
• Need
for displacement current.
• Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (qualitative ideas only). Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves.
• Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses.
UNIT VI: Optics Details:-
• Reflection
of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light, total
internal reflection and its applications optical fibers, refraction at
spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens maker's formula. Magnification, power of a lens, combination
of thin lenses in contact combination of a lens and a mirror. Refraction and
dispersion of light through a prism.
• Scattering
of the light-blue color of the sky and reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise
and sunset.
• Optical
instruments: Human eye, image formation, and accommodation, correction of eye
defects (myopia and hypermetropia) using lenses.
• Microscopes
and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying
powers.
• Wave
optics: Wavefront and Huygens’ principle, reflection and refraction of plane
wave at a plane surface using wavefronts.
• Proof
of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens’ principle.
• Interference,
Young’s double hole experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent
sources and sustained interference of light.
• Diffraction
due to a single slit, width of central maximum.
• Resolving
power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes. Polarisation, plane polarized
light; Brewster’s law, uses of plane-polarized light and Polaroids.
UNIT VII: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation Details:-
• Photoelectric the effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s photoelectric equation-
particle nature of light.
• Matter
waves- wave nature of particles, de Broglie relation. Davisson-Germer
experiment (experimental details should be omitted; only conclusion should be
explained).
UNIT VIII: Atoms and Nuclei Details:-
• Alpha-
particle scattering experiments; Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy
levels, hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses,
isotopes, isobars; isotones.
• Radioactivity- alpha, beta, and gamma particles/ rays and their properties decay law. Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission and fusion.
UNIT IX: Electronic Devices Details:-
• Energy bands in solids (qualitative ideas only), conductors, insulators and semiconductors; semiconductor diode- I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator. Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor; transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator. Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR). Transistor as a switch.
CHEMISTRY
(A) Class 11th
UNIT I: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Details:-
• General
Introduction: Important and scope of chemistry.
• Laws
of chemical combination, Dalton’s atomic theory: the concept of elements, atoms and
molecules.
• Atomic
and molecular masses. Mole concept and molar mass; percentage composition and
empirical and molecular formula; chemical reactions, stoichiometry, and calculations
based on stoichiometry.
UNIT II: Structure of Atom Details:-
• Atomic
number, isotopes, and isobars. Concept of shells and subshells, dual nature of
matter and light, de Broglie’s relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle,
concept of orbital, quantum numbers, shapes of s,p, and d orbitals, rules for
filling electrons in orbitals- Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principles and
Hund’s rule, electronic configuration of atoms, stability of half-filled and
completely filled orbitals.
UNIT III: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties Details:-
• Modern periodic law and long form of the periodic table, periodic trends in properties of elements- atomic radii, ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, valence.
UNIT IV: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Details:-
• Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond, bond parameters, Lewis structure, polar the character of covalent bond, valence bond theory, resonance, the geometry of molecules, VSEPR theory, the concept of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules, molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea only). Hydrogen bond.
UNIT V: States of Matter: Gases and Liquids Details:-
• Three
states of matter, intermolecular interactions, types of bonding, melting and
boiling points, the role of gas laws of elucidating the concept of the molecule,
Boyle’s law, Charle’s law, Gay Lussac’s law, Avogadro’s law, ideal behavior of
gases, empirical derivation of the gas equation. Avogadro number, ideal gas
equation. Kinetic energy and molecular speeds (elementary idea), deviation from
ideal behavior, liquefaction of gases, critical temperature.
• Liquid
State- Vapour pressure, viscosity, and surface tension (qualitative idea only,
no mathematical derivations).
UNIT VI : Thermodynamics Details:-
• First
law of thermodynamics-internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, and specific
heat, measurement of U and H, Hess’s law of constant heat summation, enthalpy
of: bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase
transition, ionization, solution, and dilution.
• Introduction of entropy as state function, Second law of thermodynamics, Gibbs energy change for spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes, criteria for equilibrium and spontaneity.
• Third
law of thermodynamics- Brief introduction.
UNIT VII: Equilibrium Details:-
• Equilibrium
in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, the law of
chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium- Le
Chatelier’s principle; ionic equilibrium- ionization of acids and bases, strong
and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, ionization of polybasic acids,
acid strength, the concept of pH., Hydrolysis of salts (elementary idea)., buffer
solutions, Henderson equation, solubility product, common ion effect (with
illustrative examples).
UNIT VIII: Redox Reactions Details:-
• Concept of oxidation and oxidation and reduction, redox reactions oxidation number, balancing redox reactions in terms of loss and gain of electron and change in oxidation numbers.
UNIT IX: Hydrogen Details:-
• Occurrence,
isotopes, preparation, properties, and uses of hydrogen; hydrides- ionic,
covalent and interstitial; physical and chemical properties of water, heavy
water; hydrogen peroxide-preparation, reactions, uses, and structure.
UNIT X: s-Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals) Details:-
• Group
I and group 2 elements:
• General
introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationship, trends in the variation of
properties (such as ionization enthalpy, atomic and ionic radii), trends in
chemical reactivity with oxygen, water, hydrogen, and halogens; uses.
• Preparation
and Properties of Some important Compounds:
• Sodium
carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate,
biological importance of sodium and potassium.
• Industrial
use of lime and limestone, biological importance of Mg and Ca.
UNIT XI: Some p-Block Elements Details:-
• General
Introduction to p-Block Elements.
• Group
13 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence,
variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity,
anomalous properties of the first element of the group; Boron, some important
compounds: borax, boric acids, boron hydrides. Aluminum: uses, reactions with
acids and alkalies.
• General
14 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence,
variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity,
anomalous behaviour of first element. Carbon, allotropic forms, physical and
chemical properties: uses of some important compounds: oxides.
• Important
compounds of silicon and a few uses: silicon tetrachloride, silicones,
silicates and zeolites, their uses.
UNIT XII: Organic Chemistry- Some Basic Principles and Techniques Details:-
• General
introduction, methods of purification qualitative and quantitative analysis,
classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds.
• Electronic
displacements in a covalent bond: inductive effect, electromeric effect,
resonance and hyper conjugation.
• Homolytic
and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: free radials, carbocations,
carbanions; electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reactions.
UNIT XIII: Hydrocarbons Details:-
• Alkanes-
Nomenclature, isomerism, conformations (ethane only), physical properties,
chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation, combustion
and pyrolysis.
• Alkanes-Nomenclature,
structure of double bond (ethene), geometrical isomerism, physical properties,
methods of preparation: chemical reactions: addition of hydrogen, halogen,
water, hydrogen halides (Markovnikov’s addition and peroxide effect),
ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition.
• Alkynes-Nomenclature,
structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties, methods of preparation,
chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of-
hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and water.
• Aromatic
hydrocarbons- Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature; Benzene; resonance,
aromaticity; chemical properties: mechanism of electrophilic substitution-
Nitration sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel Craft’s alkylation and acylation;
directive influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene; carcinogenicity
and toxicity.
UNIT XIV: Environmental Chemistry Details:-
• Environmental pollution: Air, water and soil pollution, chemical reactions in atmosphere, smogs, major atmospheric pollutants; acid rain ozone and its reactions, effects of depletion of ozone layer, greenhouse effect and global warming-pollution due to industrial wastes; green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution, strategy for control of environmental pollution.
(B) Class 12th
UNIT I: Solid State Details:-
• Classification
of solids based on different binding forces; molecular, ionic covalent and
metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea), unit cell
in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices, calculation of density of
unit cell, packing in solids, packing efficiency, voids, number of atoms per
unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic
properties, Band theory of metals, conductors, semiconductors and insulators.
UNIT II: Solutions Details:-
• Types
of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids,
solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties-
relative lowering of vapour pressure, Raoult’s law, elevation of boiling point,
depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular
masses using colligative properties abnormal molecular mass. Van Hoff factor.
UNIT III: Electrochemistry Details:-
• Redox
reactions, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar
conductivity variation of conductivity with concentration, kohlrausch’s Law,
electrolysis and Laws of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell- electrolytic
cells and Galvanic cells; lead accumulator, EMF of a cell, standard electrode
potential, Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell, fuel cells;
corrosion.
UNIT IV: Chemical Kinetics Details:-
• Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous), factors affecting rates of reaction; concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction; rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zero and first order reactions); concept of collision theory ( elementary idea, no mathematical treatment). Activation energy, Arrhenious equation.
UNIT V: Surface Chemistry Details:-
• Adsorption-physisorption
and chemisorption; factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids, catalysis
homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity: enzyme catalysis;
colloidal state: distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspensions;
lyophillic, lyophobic multimolecular and macromolecular colloids; properties of
colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation;
emulsions- types of emulsions.
UNIT VI: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements Details:-
• Principles
and methods of extraction- concentration, oxidation, reduction electrolytic
method and refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium,
copper, zinc and iron.
UNIT VII: p- Block Elements Details:-
• Group
15 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence,
oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties; preparation and
properties of ammonia and nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen (structure only);
Phosphorous- allotropic forms; compounds of phosphorous: preparation and
properties of phosphine, halides (PCI3, PCI5) and oxoacids (elementary idea
only).
• Group
16 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states,
occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; dioxygen: preparation,
properties and uses; classification of oxides; ozone. Sulphur – allotropic
forms; compounds of sulphur: preparation, preparation, properties and uses of
sulphur dioxide; sulphuric acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties
and uses, oxoacids of sulphur (structures only).
• Group
17 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states,
occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens:
preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid,
interhalogen compounds oxoacids of halogens (structures only).
• Group 18 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses.
UNIT VIII: d and f Block Elements Details:-
• General
introduction, electronic configuration, characteristics of transition metals,
general trends in properties of the first-row transition metals- metallic
character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, color, catalytic
property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation.
Preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.
• Lanthanoids-
electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity, and lanthanoid
contraction and its consequences.
• Actinoids:
Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids.
UNIT IX: Coordination Compounds Details:-
• Coordination
compounds: Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic
properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination
compounds, isomerism (structural and stereo) bonding, Werner’s theory VBT, CFT;
importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, biological
systems).
UNIT X: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Details:-
• Haloalkanes:
Nomenclature, nature of C –X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism
of substitution reactions. Optical rotation.
• Haloarenes:
Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen for
monosubstituted compounds only).
• Uses
and environment effects of – dichloromethane, trichloromethane,
tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.
UNIT XI: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers Details:-
• Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only); identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration, uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol.
• Phenols:
Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic
nature of phenol, electrophillic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.
• Ethers:
Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties uses.
UNIT XII: Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids Details:-
• Aldehydes
and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation,
physical and chemical properties; and mechanism of nucleophilic addition,
reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes; uses.
• Carboxylic
Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and
chemical properties; uses.
UNIT XIII: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen Details:-
• Amines:
Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and
chemical properties, uses, identification of primary secondary and tertiary
amines.
• Cyanides
and Isocyanides- will be mentioned at relevant places.
• Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
UNIT XIV: Biomolecules Details:-
• Carbohydrates-
Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharide (glucose and fructose),
D.L. configuration, oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose),
polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen): importance.
• Proteins-
Elementary idea of – amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, primary
structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure and quaternary structure
(qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes.
• Hormones-
Elementary idea (excluding structure).
• Vitamins-
Classification and function.
• Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA
UNIT XV: Polymers Details:-
• Classification-
Natural and synthetic, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation),
copolymerization. Some important polymers: natural and synthetic like
polyesters, bakelite; rubber, Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers.
UNIT XVI: Chemistry in Everyday Life Details:-
• Chemicals
in medicines- analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants,
antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines.
• Chemicals
in food- preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of
antioxidants.
• Cleansing agents- soaps and detergents, cleansing action.
BIOLOGY
(A) Class 11th
UNIT I: Diversity in Living World Details:
• What is living?; Biodiversity; Need for classification; Three domains of life; Taxonomy & Systematics; Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; Binomial nomenclature; Tools for study of Taxonomy – Museums, Zoos, Herbaria, Botanical gardens.
• Five kingdom classification; salient features and classification of Monera; Protista and Fungi into major groups; Lichens; Viruses and Viroids.
• Salient features and classification of plants into major groups-Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms (three to five salient and distinguishing features and at least two examples of each category); Angiosperms- classification up to class, characteristic features and examples).
• Salient features and classification of animals-nonchordate up to phyla level and chordate up to classes level (three to five salient features and at least two examples).
UNIT II: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants Details:
• Morphology and modifications; Tissues; Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants: Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence- cymose and recemose, flower, fruit and seed (To be dealt along with the relevant practical of the Practical Syllabus).
• Animal tissues; Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an insect (cockroach). (Brief account only)
UNIT III: Cell Structure and Function Details:
• Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life; Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell; Plant cell and animal cell; Cell envelope, cell membrane, cell wall; Cell organelles-structure and function; Endomembrane system-endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles; mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, micro bodies; Cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles (ultra structure and function); Nucleus-nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus.
• Chemical
constituents of living cells: Biomolecules-structure and function of proteins,
carbodydrates, lipids, nucleic acids; Enzymes-types, properties, enzyme action.
• B
Cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance.
UNIT IV: Plant Physiology Details:-
• Transport in plants: Movement of water, gases and nutrients; Cell to cell transport-Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport; Plant – water relations– Imbibition, water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis; Long distance transport of water – Absorption, apoplast, symplast, transpiration pull, root pressure and guttation; Transpiration-Opening and closing of stomata; Uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients-Transport of food, phloem transport, Mass flow hypothesis; Diffusion of gases (brief mention).
• Mineral nutrition: Essential minerals, macro and micronutrients and their role; Deficiency symptoms; Mineral toxicity; Elementary idea of Hydroponics as a method to study mineral nutrition; Nitrogen metabolism-Nitrogen cycle, biological nitrogen fixation.
• Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis as a means of Autotrophic nutrition; Site of photosynthesis take place; pigments involved in Photosynthesis (Elementary idea); Photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis; Cyclic and non cyclic and photophosphorylation; Chemiosmotic hypothesis; Photorespiration C3 and C4 pathways; Factors affecting photosynthesis.
• Respiration: Exchange gases; Cellular respiration-glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); Energy relations- Number of ATP molecules generated; Amphibolic pathways; Respiratory quotient.
• Plant
growth and development: Seed germination; Phases of Plant growth and plant
growth rate; Conditions of growth; Differentiation, dedifferentiation and
redifferentiation; Sequence of developmental process in a plant cell; Growth
regulators-auxin,gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA; Seed dormancy;
Vernalisation; Photoperiodism.
UNIT IV: Human Physiology
Details:-
• Digestion and absorption; Alimentary canal
and digestive glands; Role of digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones;
Peristalsis, digestion, absorption and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates
and fats; Caloric value of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; Egestion;
Nutritional and digestive disorders – PEM, indigestion, constipation, vomiting,
jaundice, diarrhea.
• Breathing and Respiration: Respiratory organs
in animals (recall only); Respiratory system in humans; Mechanism of breathing
and its regulation in humans-Exchange of gases, transport of gases and
regulation of respiration Respiratory volumes; Disorders related to
respiration-Asthma, Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders.
• Body fluids and circulation: Composition of
blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood; Composition of lymph and its
function; Human circulatory system-Structure of human heart and blood vessels;
Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG, Double circulation; Regulation of cardiac
activity; Disorders of circulatory system- Hypertension, Coronary artery
disease, Angina pectoris, Heart failure.
• Excretory products and their elimination:
Modes of excretion- Ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism; Human excretory
system-structure and fuction; Urine formation, Osmoregulation; Regulation of
kidney function-Renin-angiotensin, Atrial Natriuretic Factor, ADH and Diabetes
insipidus; Role of other organs in excretion; Disorders; Uraemia, Renal
failure, Renal calculi, Nephritis; Dialysis and artificial kidney.
• Locomotion and Movement: Types of movement-
ciliary, fiagellar, muscular; Skeletal muscle- contractile proteins and muscle
contraction; Skeletal system and its functions (To be dealt with the relevant
practical of Practical syllabus); Joints; Disorders of muscular and skeletal
system-Myasthenia gravis, Tetany, Muscular dystrophy, Arthritis, Osteoporosis,
Gout.
• Neural control and coordination: Neuron and
nerves; Nervous system in humans- central nervous system, peripheral nervous
system and visceral nervous system; Generation and conduction of nerve impulse;
Reflex action; Sense organs; Elementary structure and function of eye and ear.
• Chemical coordination and regulation: Endocrine glands and hormones; Human endocrine system-Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads; Mechanism of hormone action (Elementary Idea); Role of hormones as messengers and regulators, Hypo-and hyperactivity and related disorders (Common disorders e.g. Dwarfism, Acromegaly, Cretinism, goiter, exopthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison’s disease).
(Imp: Diseases and disorders mentioned above to be dealt in brief.)
(B) Class 12th
UNIT I: Reproduction
Details:-
• Reproduction in organisms: Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species; Modes of reproduction – Asexual and sexual; Asexual reproduction; Modes-Binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule, fragmentation; vegetative propagation in plants.
• Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure; Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination-types, agencies and examples; Outbreeding devices; Pollen-Pistil interaction; Double fertilization; Post fertilization events- Development of endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit; Special modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed and fruit formation.
• Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis & oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea); Parturition (Elementary idea); Lactation (Elementary idea).
• Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD); Birth control-Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies – IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness).
UNIT II: Genetics and Evolution Details:-
• Heredity and variation: Mendelian Inheritance; Deviations from Mendelism- Incomplete dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy; Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Chromosomes and genes; Sex determination-In humans, birds, honey bee; Linkage and crossing over; Sex linked inheritance-Haemophilia, Colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans-Thalassemia; Chromosomal disorders in humans; Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes.
• Molecular basis of Inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma; Transcription, genetic code, translation; Gene expression and regulation- Lac Operon; Genome and human genome project; DNA finger printing.
• Evolution: Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution from Paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence); Darwin’s contribution, Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution; Mechanism of evolution-Variation (Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy-Weinberg’s principle; Adaptive Radiation; Human evolution.
UNIT III: Biology and Human Welfare Details:-
• Health and Disease; Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis. Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm); Basic concepts of immunology-vaccines; Cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse.
• Improvement in food production; Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, Biofortification; Apiculture and Animal husbandry.
• Microbes
in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage
treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers.
UNIT IV: Biotechnology and Its Applications Details:-
• Principles and process of Biotechnology: Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology).
• Application
of Biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine
production, gene therapy; Genetically modified organisms-Bt crops; Transgenic
Animals; Biosafety issues-Biopiracy and patents.
UNIT V: Ecology and environment
Details:-
• Organisms
and environment: Habitat and niche; Population and ecological adaptations;
Population interactions-mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism;
Population attributes-growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution.
• Ecosystem: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; Energy flow; Pyramids of number, biomass, energy; Nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous); Ecological succession; Ecological Services-Carbon fixation, pollination, oxygen release.
• Biodiversity and its conservation: Concept of Biodiversity; Patterns of Biodiversity; Importance of Biodiversity; Loss of Biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation; Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, National parks and sanctuaries.
• Environmental issues: Air pollution and its control; Water pollution and its control; Agrochemicals and their effects; Solid waste management; Radioactive waste management; Greenhouse effect and global warning; Ozone depletion; Deforestation; Any three case studies as success stories addressing environmental issues.
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